Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Nambala | Kumene yachokera | Zimene siyikutsimikizira |
|---|---|---|
| Zosakwana 100 ms | Zotsatira zimene zikufunsidwa | Kuti chizindikirocho chinayambitsa yankholo |
| 110 ms | Nthawi yochepetsetsa yoyankhira m’kafukufuku wina wa kuona | Malire ofanana pa mayankho onse a anthu |
| 231 ms | Avareji ya nthawi yoyankhira chinthu chooneka m’kafukufukuyo | Cholinga kapena mlingo wa msakatuli wanu |
Woods ndi anzake anagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosayembekezereka zoperekera chizindikiro, mayesero ozolowera, ndi nthawi yololedwa yoyankhira pofotokoza zimene zinawerengedwa ngati zochitika zoyenera. Zosankha zimenezi zimathandiza kuyeza kuyankha pa chizindikirocho m’malo mwa kuyankha msanga kwambiri kapena pa nthawi yolakwika. Pepalalo linakonzanso zotsatira potengera kuchedwa kwa zida, kusonyeza chifukwa chake sitingafanizire mwachindunji nthawi yolembedwa ndi pulogalamu ndi chochitika cha m’thupi. Woods et al., 2015
Kuyankha ndi kuyembekezera n’zosiyana
Ngati chochitika chotsatira chikudziwikiratu, munthu angakonzekere kusuntha chisanachitike. Choncho kuyankha pafupi ndi nthawi imene ankayembekezera kungachitike pafupi kwambiri ndi chochitikacho, koma osayambitsidwa ndi kuzindikira kuti chachitika. Limeneli si funso lofanana ndi kuyeza nthawi yoyankhira chizindikiro chatsopano, chosayembekezereka. Malangizo a ntchito ndi dongosolo la zizindikiro n’zofunika pofotokoza nthawi yaifupi modabwitsa. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015
Kuyankha posankha kumaphatikizapo kusankha chochita. Kafukufuku wakale wa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyankhira ukusonyeza kuti kapangidwe ka ntchito kamakhudza nthawi yoyankhira; nthawi yochepetsetsa imene yanenedwa pa masewera osavuta oona chinthu siyenera kutengedwa ngati yofanana ndi ya masewera ofuna kusankha pakati pa zochita zingapo. Hick, 1952
Chifukwa chake zotsatira imodzi yochititsa chidwi si umboni wokwanira
Zomwe munthu wachita mofulumira kwambiri ndi zotsatira za m’mphepete mwa mndandanda. Kubwereza ntchito kambirimbiri kumapereka mwayi wochuluka wopeza zotsatira zachilendo, kuyankha chizindikirocho chisanachitike, kapena kulakwitsa kuyeza. Kafukufuku wa zotsatira zopambanitsa pa nthawi yoyankhira akufotokoza chifukwa chake ofufuza amaika malamulo a mmene angachitire ndi zotsatira zotere, m’malo mongotenga nambala iliyonse yosonyezedwa ngati umboni wofanana. Ratcliff, 1993
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Kulondola kwa chipangizo sikutsimikizira kuyeza kwa mmene thupi limagwirira ntchito
Masakatuli angalembe nthawi mwatsatanetsatane, koma kusiyanitsa nthawi pang’ono sikutanthauza kuti kuyeza nthawi imene chinthu chinaoneka kapena munthu walowetsa yankho n’kolondola. Kuyerekezera mapulatifomu kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa nthawi komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Zotsatira zokhala ndi manambala ambiri pambuyo pa kadontho sizitanthauza kuti n’zolondola kwambiri poyerekezera ndi yankho lanu pa chizindikiro chooneka. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020
Komanso, sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kukonza kwa zida zochokera pa njira ina kuti mutsimikizire kapena kutsutsa zotsatira zinazake. Kukonza kumagwira ntchito pa zida zimene zinayesedwa. Popanda kukonza zida zanu, sitikudziwa ngati zolakwika zonse za nthawi zili zazikulu bwanji kapena zikulowera mbali iti. Woods et al., 2015 Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020
Zoyenera kuchita mukapeza zotsatira zofulumira modabwitsa
Yang’anani mayesero onse ndi malamulo ake: kodi panali mayankho asanaperekedwe chizindikiro, kodi nthawi zake zinkadziwikiratu, ndipo nambalayo inali yochepetsetsa kapena avareji? Yerekezerani muyeso womwewo pa mayesero okhazikika ofanana. Musawonjezere mayesero n’kutanthauzira zotsatira zatsopano zochepetsetsa ngati kuti njira yoyesera sinasinthe. Kafukufuku wa chiwerengero cha mayesero akusonyeza kuti mmene muyeso ulili zimadalira deta imene yasonkhanitsidwa ndi funso limene likufunsidwa. Miller, 2023 Ratcliff, 1993
Zotsatira imodzi yokha siiuza zambiri za khalidwe lokhazikika la munthu. Kudalirika kwa muyeso kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa, makamaka ngati ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusanja anthu. Chonena choyenera n’chakuti pa masewerawa panachitika chinthu chachilendo; kutsimikizira kuti munthu wayankha modabwitsa mofulumira kumafuna kuyeza koyendetsedwa bwino. Hedge et al., 2017
Palibe chifukwa pano choitanira munthu wabodza, kuzindikira kuti ali ndi vuto, kapena kukhazikitsa malire otsika ofanana kwa anthu onse. Chofunika ndikusiyanitsa nthawi yosonyezedwa ndi umboni wakuti chinthu chatsopano chimene chamvedwa kapena kuoneka n’chimene chinayambitsa yankholo. Woods et al., 2015 Bridges et al., 2020
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a nthawi yoyankhira
Yesani mayeso a nthawi yoyankhira ndipo tsatirani malangizo ake odikira chizindikiro. Mukamasulira zotsatira za mayesero onse, ganiziraninso mayankho amene anachitika chizindikiro chisanaperekedwe; musatenge zotsatira imodzi yokha yochepetsetsa ngati umboni wotsimikizira liwiro lanu loyankhira.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi n’zotheka kuti zotsatira zonse zosakwana 100 ms n’zosatheka?
Magwero amenewa satsimikizira malire omaliza pa mitundu yonse ya mayankho. Akuonetsa chifukwa chake zotsatira imodzi ya msakatuli si umboni wokwanira wakuti munthu anayankha pa chizindikiro chooneka chosayembekezereka. Woods et al., 2015
N’chifukwa chiyani kafukufuku amachotsa mayankho othamanga kwambiri?
Amafotokoza nthawi yoyankhira yovomerezeka kuti achepetse kusakanikirana ndi zochitika zimene sizikuimira njira yoyankhira imene akufuna kuyeza. Nthawi yeniyeni imadalira pa kafukufukuyo. Woods et al., 2015 Ratcliff, 1993
Kodi ndingayerekezere zotsatira za kuona chinthu ndi lamulo loyambira pa mpikisano?
Mungatero pokhapokha mutaganizira kusiyana kwa chizindikiro, kayendedwe ka thupi ndi njira yoyezera. Lamulo la pa malo amodzi si muyezo wokonzedwa bwino wogwiritsira ntchito kwina. Woods et al., 2015 Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020
Magwero
- Woods et al. (2015). Zinthu zimene zimakhudza nthawi yoyankhira yosavuta.
- Woods et al. (2015). Kuchedwa kwa kusankha yankho ndi kulipereka chifukwa cha ukalamba pa ntchito yosankha yankho la chinthu chooneka.
- Hick (1952). Pa mlingo wa kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso.
- Ratcliff (1993). Njira zothanirana ndi zotsatira zopambanitsa pa nthawi yoyankhira..
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Kulondola kwenikweni kwa mapulatifomu oyesera pa intaneti, masakatuli ndi zida.
- Bridges et al. (2020). Kafukufuku wamkulu wa nthawi: kuyerekezera mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana opangira mayesero, a m’ma labotale ndi pa intaneti.
- Miller (2023). Ophunzira angati? Mayesero angati? Kuonjezera mphamvu ya kafukufuku wa nthawi yoyankhira.
- Hedge et al. (2017). Mtsutsano wokhudza kudalirika: Chifukwa chake ntchito zolimba zoyesa kuzindikira sizisonyeza kusiyana kodalirika pakati pa anthu.