Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Kuchuluka kwa mawu odziwika | Mawu osadziwika m’ndime ya mawu 300 | Tanthauzo lake |
|---|---|---|
| 90% | 30 | Chiŵerengero chosonyeza mmene masamu amagwirira ntchito |
| 95% | 15 | Pafupifupi liwu limodzi losadziwika pa mawu 20 alionse |
| 98% | 6 | Pafupifupi liwu limodzi losadziwika pa mawu 50 alionse |
Tebuloli likusonyeza masamu okhudza mawu amene akupezeka m’ndime, osati mayeso a kumvetsa. Mawu amene akuwerengedwa ndi liwu lililonse limene laonekera m’ndime: ngati liwu limodzi losadziwika labwerezedwa, limawerengedwa mobwerezabwereza. Magulu a mawu ndi muyeso wina wofotokoza kukula kwa mawu odziwika. Kusokoneza miyezoyi kumapangitsa kuti chofunika chomwe chikuoneka cholondola kwambiri chikhale chosocheretsa. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kodi chiŵerengero cha magulu a mawu 8,000–9,000 chinachokera kuti?
Nation anagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa magulu a mawu okonzedwa potengera kuchuluka kwa mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito pofufuza kuchuluka kwa mawu omveka m’Chingelezi cholembedwa ndi cholankhulidwa. Mapeto ake amadalira zinthu zina: ngati pakufunika kumvetsa pafupifupi 98% popanda thandizo, ndiye kuti zinthu zolembedwa zimene anafufuza zimafuna mawu ochuluka chonchi. Mayina enieni a anthu ndi mmene mawu ogwirizana amawerengedwera ndi mbali za kafukufukuyo, osati zinthu zoti zichotsedwe pa cholinga cha kuphunzira mawu chimene chinganenedwe kuti ndi chapadziko lonse. Nation, 2006
Kafukufuku wina wowerengera mawu akusonyeza kuti mawu oyambira, magulu a mawu ndi mitundu yolembedwa zingapereke ziŵerengero zosiyana kwambiri. Zotsatira za magulu a mawu 8,000 sizingayerekezere mwachindunji ndi mayeso osonyeza mawu oyambira 8,000, ndipo si chiŵerengero cha mawu onse a m’Chingelezi. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Kodi 98% ndi malire apadera a kumvetsa?
Schmitt, Jiang ndi Grabe anayesa anthu 661 ochokera m’mayiko asanu ndi atatu pogwiritsa ntchito malemba awiri. Anapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mawu odziwika ndi kumvetsa zinali zogwirizana pang’onopang’ono, popanda malo enieni amene kumvetsa kumangokhala kwathunthu mwadzidzidzi. Zotsatira zawo zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito 98% ngati cholinga chothandiza cha kumvetsa malemba a maphunziro, osati ngati chitseko chotseguka kapena chotsekedwa. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Chifukwa chake mabuku amasiyana
Nkhani yodziwika bwino, buku la maphunziro apadera ndi buku lofotokoza mbiri yakale zimakhala ndi mawu osiyana ndipo zimafuna kuti wowerenga adziwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chiŵerengero cha mawu omveka sichichotsa kufunika kwa galamala, kuganiza mozama kapena kudziwa za mutuwo kuti munthu amvetse. Kafukufuku wa liwiro lowerenga akusonyezanso chifukwa chake kuyenda mofulumira m’mawu ndi kuwamvetsa ndi zotsatira ziwiri zosiyana. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019
Kudziwa mawu polandira ndi kumvetsa n’kofunika poyamba kuti munthu azindikire mawu m’lemba, koma wophunzira angadziwe liwu pang’ono chabe. Kafukufuku wosiyanitsa kuzindikira, kukumbukira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akusonyeza chifukwa chake kulemba kuti liwu ndi lodziwika sikutsimikizira kuti munthu amadziwa matanthauzo ake onse m’ndime. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Kodi mungayambe kuwerenga musanadziwe mawu ochuluka chonchi?
Inde: chiŵerengerochi chikukhudza mawu amene angamveke m’zinthu zina popanda thandizo, osati chilolezo chowerenga. Zinthu zosavuta, thandizo ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana zowerengera zimasintha mmene zinthu zilili. Wophunzira amene akugwiritsa ntchito dikishonale akuchita ntchito yosiyana ndi kuwerenga popanda thandizo. Chiŵerengerochi chikuthandizeni kusankha zinthu zoti muwerenge, osati kukulepheretsani kuwerenga mpaka mayeso afike pa chiŵerengero china. Nation, 2006
Kukumana mobwerezabwereza ndi mawu kungathandize kudziwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mawuwo, koma kafukufuku wobwereza mawu sanapeze chiŵerengero chimodzi cha nthawi zimene mawu aliwonse ayenera kuonekera kuti aphunziridwe bwino. Muzitsatira ngati mukumvetsa komanso mtundu wa thandizo limene mukufuna, m’malo moganiza kuti chiŵerengero chokhazikika cha mawu atsopano odziwika chimatsimikizira kuwerenga momasuka. Webb, 2007
Nanga bwanji za zaka, kugonana ndi zinenero zina?
Ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka kwa mawu omveka m’Chingelezi cholembedwa, osati muyezo wa luso wozikidwa pa zaka kapena kugonana. Zinenero zina zimawerengera mitundu ya mawu ndi magulu mosiyana, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malemba imafuna mawu osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengerochi m’zinenero zina popanda kufufuza ngati miyezoyo ikufanana kungasonyeze umboni wochuluka kuposa umene ulipo. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Funso lothandiza ndilakuti mumamvetsa zochuluka bwanji m’buku pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito thandizo limene mwasankha. Chiŵerengero cha mawu amene mwazindikira chingathandize kumvetsa nkhaniyo, koma kufunsa mafunso ochepa kuti muone ngati mwamvetsa buku lenilenilo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi cholinga chimenechi kuposa kuika malire amodzi a mawu kwa aliyense. SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a kudziwa mawu
Yesani mayeso a kudziwa mawu kuti muone mmene mumazindikirira mawu a Chingelezi, kenako ganizirani za buku lenilenilo ndi mmene mumalimvera. Zotsatira zake si chitsimikizo chakuti mungamvetse malemba onse, ndipo muyeso wake uyenera kufanana ndi umene wagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera ndi kafukufuku wina.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi magulu a mawu 8,000 ndi ofanana ndi mawu 8,000?
Si choncho pa njira zonse zowerengera. Gulu la mawu limaphatikiza mitundu ya mawu ogwirizana, pomwe liwu loyambira kapena mtundu wolembedwa ndi miyezo yosiyana. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kodi kumva 98% ya mawu kumatanthauza kumvetsa 98%?
Ayi. Kuwerengera mawu omveka kumatanthauza kuwerengera mawu amene akupezeka komanso odziwika; kumvetsa kumafuna kumvetsetsa lemba. Zinthu ziwirizi sizofanana. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Kodi ndidikire mpaka nditadziwa mawu ochuluka choncho?
Kafukufukuyu akukhudza mawu omveka m’zinthu zina popanda thandizo. Si lamulo loletsa kuwerenga mothandizidwa kapena kuwerenga mabuku osavuta amene ali pansi pa chiŵerengerocho. Nation, 2006
Magwero
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Kodi timadziwa mawu angati? Kuyerekezera kothandiza kwa kukula kwa mawu odziwika malinga ndi tanthauzo la mawu, kuchuluka kwa kumva chilankhulo komanso zaka za ophunzira.
- Nation (2006). Kodi pamafunika mawu angati kuti munthu athe kuwerenga ndi kumvetsera?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Kuyeza kudziwa mawu: kuchuluka, kulimba kwa chidziwitso ndi kusintha kwa makompyuta.
- Webb (2008). L2: Kukula kwa mawu omvetsa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kwa ophunzira a chilankhulo chachiwiri.
- Webb (2007). Zotsatira za kubwereza pa kudziwa mawu.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Kodi m’Chingelezi chosindikizidwa cha kusukulu muli mawu angati?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Kodi timawerenga mawu angati pa mphindi? Ndemanga ndi kusanthula kophatikiza kwa liwiro lowerenga.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Chiwerengero cha mawu odziwika m’lemba ndi kumvetsa zimene waŵerenga.