Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Chitsanzo | Chomwe chimasintha | Zomwe sizikutanthauza |
|---|---|---|
| Kugawa manambala 12 m’magulu 4 a manambala 3 | Mmene manambalawo amaimiridwa zimakhala m’magulu | Kuti aliyense angakumbukire manambalawo motsatizana |
| Kuzindikira kachitidwe kodziwika | Chidziwitso chomwe munthu ali nacho kale chingachepetse ntchito yosunga zinthuzo | Kuti chizindikiro chilichonse chimakhala pamalo ake paokha |
| Chitsanzo cha munthu wophunzitsidwa kuyambira 7 mpaka 79 | Kukumbukira manambala pambuyo poyeserera kwambiri | Kuti kukumbukira zinthu 79 ndi mphamvu ya munthu aliyense yogwira ntchito m’maganizo |
Mzere woyamba ndi chitsanzo chongofotokoza mmene angagaŵire m’magulu, osati kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zomwe munthu angakumbukire. Chachitatu ndi chitsanzo choyambirira chophunzitsidwa kwambiri. Pa kafukufukuyo, wophunzirayo anagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha nthawi zothamanga ndiponso njira yokonzedwa bwino yobwezeretsa zimene anakumbukira. Pepalalo limanenanso kuti luso silinasamukire ku zinthu zina pamene nkhaniyo inasinthidwa kukhala makonsonanti; zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri pomasulira zotsatira zodabwitsa za manambala. Ericsson et al., 1980
Kodi gulu limodzi la zinthu zokumbukiridwa ndi chiyani?
Gulu limodzi la zinthu zokumbukiridwa ndi chinthu chimodzi chimene munthu wasunga m’maganizo, koma sikutanthauza kuti chikhale ndi zilembo zooneka zokhazikika. Phindu lake limadalira zimene wophunzirayo akudziwa kale komanso mmene manambalawo anakonzedwera. Zokambirana za Miller pa kukonzanso chidziwitso ndi kafukufuku wa Mathy ndi Feldman pa kupanikiza mfundo zonse mochepa zimasonyeza chifukwa chake kungowerenga zinthu zosaphatikizidwa kungasocheretse ngati kapangidwe kake kasiyana. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Nkhani ya Cowan yokhudza mphamvu yocheperapo imafufuza mmene kubwerezabwereza ndi chidziwitso cha nthawi yaitali zimachepetsedwera ndi mikhalidwe ina. Munthu akamagwiritsa ntchito magulu omveka pamasewera wamba a manambala, sizikutanthauza kuti akugwira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yoletsa imeneyo. Zotsatira ziwirizi siziyenera kutsutsana chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi osiyana ndipo zimalola njira zosiyana. Cowan, 2001
Kodi kugawa m’magulu n’chimodzimodzi ndi kubwerezabwereza?
Kubwerezabwereza kumathandiza kuti zinthu zikhalebe m’maganizo; kugawa m’magulu kumasintha mmene zinthuzo zaimiridwira kapena kukonzedwera. Zingagwire ntchito limodzi, koma si njira zofanana. Nthanthi ya kukumbukira zinthu zomwe zikugwiridwa m’maganizo imasiyanitsa kusunga zinthu kwakanthawi ndi njira zina zowongolera, komanso ndi thandizo la chidziwitso cha nthawi yaitali. Baddeley, 2012
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Kodi muyenera kuyembekezera kusintha kotani?
Zotsatira za 7 kufika pa 79 ndi za munthu mmodzi amene anaphunzira mwakhama kwambiri, osati zotsatira zapakati za njira yophunzitsira kapena dongosolo loyenera kutsatira kwa aliyense. Zikusonyeza kuti kukonza zinthu zomwe taphunzira kungasinthe kwambiri mphambu ya ntchito inayake, koma sizipereka maziko okwanira oneneratu kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene munthu aliyense adzakumbukire pamapeto pake. Kuti luso silinasamukire ku zinthu zina n’kofunikanso mofanana ndi mbiri ya mphambuyo. Ericsson et al., 1980
Mphambu zofalitsidwa za kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokumbukiridwa zimadaliranso lamulo loimitsa mayeso. Pa kafukufuku wamkulu womvetsera, kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe ophunzira anakwanitsa komanso kuchuluka komwe kumayesedwa mwa njira yachikhalidwe zinapereka ma avareji osiyana kwa anthu omwewo. Choncho, poyerekezera njira, sungani mmene zinthu zimaperekedwera ndi mmene mphambu imawerengedwera mofanana; musasakanize kupambana kwakukulu kamodzi kokha ndi muyeso woyambira womwe unayesedwa mosiyana. Woods et al., 2010
Kodi n’zoyenera kuyesa chiyani?
Poyerekezera mwachisawawa, sankhani ngati mudzagawira manambala m’magulu, gwiritsani ntchito njira yomweyo pa mayesero ofanana, ndipo lembani kusintha kulikonse mukayamba njira yatsopano. Kafukufuku wokhudza kupanikiza mfundo zonse mochepa amathandiza kufotokoza ntchito ya kapangidwe ka zinthu; satsimikizira kukula kwa gulu limodzi komwe kuli koyenera kwa aliyense kapena kuti njira inayake yokumbukira idzathandiza pa manambala onse. Mathy et al., 2012
Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zomwe simunazidziwepo poyesa ngati njira ikugwiranso ntchito pa zinthu zina osati chitsanzo chimene munachiloweza. Kafukufuku wa njira zoyezera zinthu zokumbukiridwa amatsindika kuti njira yoyesera iyenera kugwirizana ndi chinthu chimene chikuyesedwa. Luso lophunziridwa ndi lothandiza, koma liyenera kufotokozedwa ngati luso limenelo, osalitcha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu zonse zokumbukira. Conway et al., 2005
Pomaliza, palibe njira yotsimikiziridwa yosinthira mphambu ya manambala ogawidwa m’magulu kukhala mulingo wa mayeso a n-back kapena IQ. Kusanthula kafukufuku wambiri komwe kunayerekezera mayeso a kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokumbukiridwa ndi a n-back kukusonyeza kuti ngakhale mayeso omwe onse amatchedwa a kukumbukira zinthu zomwe zikugwiridwa m’maganizo, sangasinthanitsidwe. Redick et al., 2013
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a kukumbukira manambala
Yesani mayeso a kukumbukira manambala ndipo lembani mmene mwagawa manambalawo m’magulu. Mukayerekezera njira, sungani mmene manambala akuonekera ndi malamulo owerengera mphambu mofanana. Mphambu yapamwamba imasonyeza kuti munakumbukira bwino pa mikhalidwe imeneyo; sikutsimikizira kuti luntha lanu lonse lawonjezeka.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi kugawa m’magulu kumawonjezera malo okumbukiramo?
Kungasinthe zambiri zimene zikuyimiridwa ndi chinthu chimodzi chokumbukiridwa. Umboni sufunikira kuti chiwerengero chokhazikika cha malo onse okumbukiramo chiwonjezeke mofanana. Cowan, 2001 Mathy et al., 2012
Kodi ndidzafika pokumbukira manambala 79?
Zotsatira zoyambirirazo zinali za munthu mmodzi yemwe anaphunzitsidwa kwambiri, osati zimene zimachitika kawirikawiri kapena lonjezo. Ericsson et al., 1980
N’chifukwa chiyani manambala odziwika amaoneka osavuta?
Chidziwitso chomwe muli nacho kale chingathandize kukonzanso ndi kukumbukira manambala motsatizana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene kafukufuku wa kugawa m’magulu amafufuza. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Magwero
- Woods et al. (2010). Kuwongolera kuyeza kuchuluka kwa manambala okumbukiridwa poyesa kukumbukira mawu kwakanthawi.
- Cowan (2001). Nambala 4 yodabwitsayi pa kukumbukira kwakanthawi: Kuyang’ananso mphamvu yosungira zinthu m’maganizo.
- Miller (1956). Nambala 7 yodabwitsayi, kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsa 2: Malire ena a mphamvu yathu yokonza zinthu m’maganizo..
- Baddeley (2012). Kukumbukira Zinthu Zogwiridwa M’maganizo: Nthanthi, Zitsanzo ndi Zokambirana.
- Conway et al. (2005). Mayeso a kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokumbukiridwa: Ndemanga ya njira ndi chitsogozo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
- Redick et al. (2013). Mayeso a kukumbukira zinthu zambiri motsatizana ndi a n-back: Kusanthula kafukufuku wambiri.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Kupeza Luso Lokumbukira.
- Mathy et al. (2012). N’chiyani chimapangitsa manambala odabwitsa kukhala apadera? Kugawa m’magulu ndi kupanikiza mfundo zonse mochepa pa kukumbukira kwakanthawi.