Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Mbali | Kafukufuku wa manambala omveka | Masewera a manambala onse ooneka |
|---|---|---|
| Zoperekedwa | Manambala otchulidwa motsatizana | Manambala ooneka pa sikirini |
| Mwayi wogawa m’magulu | Zimatengera nthawi yotchulira ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito | Zingaphatikizepo kugawa m’magulu potengera malo ooneka |
| Tanthauzo la zigoli | Zimafuna kutsatira malamulo a kafukufukuyo obwerezera ndi oyimitsira | Zimafuna kutsatira malamulo a masewerawo |
| Kusinthira mwachindunji | Sikunakhazikitsidwe | Sikunakhazikitsidwe |
Kafukufuku wa manambala omveka anaphatikiza akuluakulu 763 a m’dera, azaka 18–65. Avareji yawo ya manambala obwerezedwa motsogola inali 6.35, koma avareji ya chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chomwe anakwanitsa pa mayeso athunthu inali 6.77. Kusiyana kumeneku mkati mwa kafukufuku wokha kukusonyeza chifukwa chake avareji yofalitsidwa iyenera kufotokoza mmene zigoli zinawerengedwera. Woods et al., 2010
Chifukwa chake kusintha njira yoperekera zinthu kumasintha ntchito
Malingaliro okhudza kukumbukira zinthu pogwira ntchito amasiyanitsa njira zoimira zinthu m’maganizo ndi kuzilamulira, kuphatikizapo mbali za mawu ndi za malo ooneka. Manambala olembedwa angasinthidwenso m’maganizo kukhala mawu, choncho kusiyanaku sikophweka monga kunena kuti imodzi ndi kukumbukira koona kokha ndipo inayo ndi kukumbukira komva kokha. Mmene zinthu zaperekedwera komanso zimene munthu amachita nazo zonse n’zofunika. Baddeley, 2012
Kuona mndandanda wonse nthawi imodzi kungathandize munthu kuona dongosolo lake n’kugawa m’magulu. Kafukufuku wa kugawa m’magulu amaona mmene zinthu zobwerezabwereza zimafupikitsira mndandanda; phindu lake limakhudza dongosolo losungidwa m’maganizo, osati chiwerengero chenicheni cha zizindikiro zokha. Tsiku kapena dongosolo lodziwika bwino looneka lingakumbukiridwe mosiyana ndi manambala osagwirizana. Mathy et al., 2012 Miller, 1956
Kodi zigoli zapamwamba za manambala ooneka zimasonyeza kukumbukira kolimba?
Zimatero pa ntchito ndi mikhalidwe yoyesedwa yokha. Kuyerekezera kumasinthanso nthawi yoona manambala, mwayi wobwerezabwereza m’maganizo, mmene munthu amayankhira komanso malamulo oyimitsira. Kafukufuku wa njira zoyezera kukumbukira manambala akutsindika kuti mfundozi zimakhudza muyeso. Zigoli zabwino pa mtundu umodzi wa mayeso sizitanthauza kuti munthu achita bwino pa ntchito iliyonse yokumbukira zinthu pogwira ntchito. Conway et al., 2005
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Chifukwa chake mphamvu zokumbukira zofalitsidwa zingawoneke ngati zosagwirizana
Malingaliro a Cowan okhudza mphamvu zochepa amayang’ana magulu a zinthu m’mikhalidwe yokonzedwa kuti ichepetse kubwerezabwereza ndi kuthandizidwa ndi kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuwerenga manambala mwanjira wamba kungapindule ndi njira zomwezi. Choncho kuyerekezera chiwerengero cha magulu ndi chiwerengero chenicheni cha manambala kumasakaniza mayunitsi osiyana ndi mikhalidwe yoyesera yosiyana. Cowan, 2001
Kuchita mwakhama kwa nthawi yaitali masewera okumbukira kumapereka chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi: munthu wophunzitsidwa anaphunzira kukumbukira mndandanda wautali kwambiri wa manambala pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chokonzedwa bwino, koma luso limenelo silinasamukire mofanana ku zinthu zina zosagwirizana. Izi zikusonyeza luso lopezedwa, osati umboni wakuti kusungira zinthu zonse kwa kanthawi kochepa kunakula kufika pa chiwerengero cha manambala chimene anasonyeza. Ericsson et al., 1980
Nanga miyezo ya zaka ndi kugonana?
Miyezo iyenera kufanana ndi njira yoperekera zinthu, nthawi, chinenero, dongosolo la mayankho ndi mmene zigoli zimawerengedwera. Zotsatira za akuluakulu amene anamvetsera manambala sizipereka njira yosinthira zigoli za masewera a pa intaneti oonetsa manambala, yosinthidwa potengera zaka kapena kugonana. Kugwiritsa ntchito avareji yake pa masewera onse a pa intaneti kungasinthe chidziwitso chothandiza cha kafukufuku n’kukhala mndandanda wosocheretsa wa anthu. Woods et al., 2010 Conway et al., 2005
Chenjezo lomweli limagwiranso ntchito pa mayeso ena kuposa a manambala: kusanthula kafukufuku wambiri kunasonyeza kuti mayeso a kukumbukira motsatizana ndi a n-back amafanana pang’ono chabe, ndipo sangatengere malo a inzake. Choncho zotsatira zapamwamba za kukumbukira manambala ooneka si zigoli zovomerezeka za n-back kapena chiwerengero cha IQ. Redick et al., 2013
Kuti mudziyang’anire nokha, sungani zotsatira za mtundu uliwonse padera, gwiritsani ntchito nthawi yofanana yoona ndi malamulo ofanana oyankhira, ndipo lembani ngati mumabwerezabwereza kapena kugawa manambalawo m’magulu. Zosankhazi zimathandiza kuti kuyerekezera kwanu kumveke bwino, koma sizipanga miyezo yoimira anthu ambiri kapena kutsimikizika kwa matenda. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a kukumbukira manambala
Yesani mayeso a kukumbukira manambala ooneka ndipo tchulani zotsatira zake kuti ndi zigoli za ntchito imeneyo. Ngati mugwiritsanso ntchito mayeso omvetsera manambala, lembani zotsatirazo padera. Pewani kuyerekezera kupambana kwanu kwakutali kwambiri pa mtundu umodzi ndi avareji kapena zotsatira zoyimitsira za mtundu wina.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi zigoli za manambala omveka ndi ooneka ziyenera kufanana?
Magwero amenewa satsimikizira kuti ziyenera kutero. Mmene manambala aperekedwera, njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuwerengera zigoli zingasiyane. Woods et al., 2010 Baddeley, 2012
Kodi manambala ooneka angagwiritsenso ntchito kukumbukira mawu?
Inde. Anthu angasinthe zinthu zolembedwa m’maganizo kukhala mawu; mmene zinthu zaperekedwera sikutsimikizira kuti mbali imodzi yokha ya kukumbukira ndiyo yathandiza. Baddeley, 2012
Kodi njira imodzi ndi mayeso abwino a IQ kuposa inzake?
Kuti titsimikizire zimenezi pakufunika kuyesa ndi kutsimikizira moyenera. Kupambana pa mtundu winawake wa mayeso sikutsimikizira kuti nzeru zonse ndi zapamwamba. Conway et al., 2005
Magwero
- Woods et al. (2010). Kupititsa patsogolo kuyeza kukumbukira mawu kwa kanthawi kochepa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a manambala.
- Cowan (2001). Nambala yamatsenga 4 pa kukumbukira kwa kanthawi kochepa: Kuganiziranso mphamvu yosungira zinthu m’maganizo.
- Miller (1956). Nambala yamatsenga 7, kuchotsa kapena kuwonjezera 2: Malire ena a mphamvu yathu yogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso..
- Baddeley (2012). Kukumbukira zinthu pogwira ntchito: Malingaliro, zitsanzo ndi mikangano.
- Conway et al. (2005). Mayeso a kukumbukira motsatizana: Kuwunika njira ndi chitsogozo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
- Redick et al. (2013). Mayeso a kukumbukira motsatizana ndi a n-back: Kusanthula kafukufuku wambiri.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Kupeza luso la kukumbukira.
- Mathy et al. (2012). N’chiyani chimapangitsa manambala amatsenga kukhala apadera? Kugawa m’magulu ndi kufupikitsa chidziwitso pokumbukira kwa kanthawi kochepa.