ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ?

ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯅ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕ, ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ Owen ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯂꯦꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯩꯅ ꯂꯩ꯫ Owen et al., 2005

ꯃꯔꯃ ꯀꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯅ ꯀꯧꯕꯒꯦ

ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯊꯝꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯃ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ꯫ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯕꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯇꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯅ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯌꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯇꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Baddeley, 2012 Cowan, 2001

ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯣꯡ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯄꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯗ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯦ; ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ Conway et al., 2005

ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯣꯡ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

Redick ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Lindseyꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯦ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯣꯡ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Redick et al., 2013

ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯇꯝꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ

ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ, ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯗ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯥꯏ꯫ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯗꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯣꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ꯫ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ; ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯇ ꯈꯛ ꯃꯥꯄꯅ ꯑꯁꯣꯜ ꯃꯊꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯩꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Owen et al., 2005 Redick et al., 2013

ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯂꯦꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯗꯝ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯊꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯄꯤꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯅ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯦ꯫ Redick et al., 2013 Conway et al., 2005

ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯕꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ?

ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯦ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯩꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯅꯕ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ IQ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Soveri et al., 2017 Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016

ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯒꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯏ꯫ Hedge et al., 2017

ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯗ, ꯃꯈꯜ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯌꯥꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ; ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯉꯨ꯫ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ, ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯉꯨ꯫ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ Owen et al., 2005 Redick et al., 2013