ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯅꯁꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

Voyer ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫ Linn ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Petersenꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯁꯨ ꯃꯅꯁꯤꯛ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ, ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏ꯫ Voyer et al., 1995 Linn et al., 1985

ꯃꯅꯁꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ?

Shepard ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Metzlerꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯠꯄ 3-ꯃꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ꯫ Vandenberg ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Kuseꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯖꯔ ꯊꯕꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯪ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫ Shepard et al., 1971 Vandenberg et al., 1978

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ, ꯂꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯇꯦꯝ ꯌꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ; ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ Voyer et al., 1995 Linn et al., 1985

ꯃꯊꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯥ/ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Hydeꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯥ-ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯐꯜꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ Hyde, 2005

ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯛꯈꯪꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ, ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ, ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯤꯅꯩ; ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯩ; ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ Voyer et al., 1995 Linn et al., 1985

ꯃꯊꯧꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

Uttal ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ-ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯦꯝꯕꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ Hedges' g = 0.47 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ; ꯃꯅꯁꯤꯛ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Helibrain ꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ Uttal et al., 2013

ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯁꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯖꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯡꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ Scharfen et al., 2018

ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯜ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯒꯅꯤ?

ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥꯒꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ꯫ ꯐꯖꯕ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ reliability ꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯈꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯜꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ Hedge et al., 2017

ꯃꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯃꯈꯜꯗꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ: ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯤꯌꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯈꯪꯉꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ Uttal et al., 2013 Hyde, 2005

286-ꯐꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯖꯔ percentile ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Voyer et al., 1995