ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ?

ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ ᱚᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ। ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱢᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱬᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ "ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ। Stroop, 1935 Scarpina et al., 2017

ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ?

ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। MacLeod ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱰᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱛᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟ। MacLeod, 1991

ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟ। ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ। ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱛᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ। Scarpina et al., 2017

ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ

ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ। ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱡᱚᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱫᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ। ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ, ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ; ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। Hedge et al., 2017

ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ?

ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱞᱟ। ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱟ। Hick, 1952 Scarpina et al., 2017

ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱭᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱰᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ। Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Hedge et al., 2017

ᱫᱤᱸᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱸᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱸᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ। ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱬᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ। Lim et al., 2010

ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ?

ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱚᱰᱟᱠ ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱟ। ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱞᱟ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। Lehtonen et al., 2018

ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ। ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱛᱤᱵᱨᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ, ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱢ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ। Scarpina et al., 2017 Hedge et al., 2017

ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ, ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ। MacLeod, 1991 Scarpina et al., 2017