ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ?

Voyer ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱭ। Linn ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ, ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ। ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱟ। Voyer ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1995 Linn ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1985

ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ?

Shepard ᱟᱨ Metzler ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱ-ᱵᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱟᱭ ᱾ Vandenberg ᱟᱨ Kuse ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱴᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱠ ᱛᱤᱵ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱱ ᱟᱠᱚᱨ, ᱚᱠᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱱᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱚᱱᱰ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ। Shepard ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1971 Vandenberg ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1978

ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱫᱮᱱ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ। ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱚᱫᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ। Voyer ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1995 Linn ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1985

ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ?

ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱣᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱠ ᱞᱮᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ᱾ Hyde ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ। ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱮᱱᱟ। Hyde, 2005

ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ?

ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ, ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵ, ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ। ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱮᱴᱟ-ᱟᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ। ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ। Voyer ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1995 Linn ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1985

ᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ?

Uttal ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱴᱟ-ᱟᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ Hedges' g = 0.47 ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱥᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞᱟ, ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ Helibrain ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱟᱣᱟ। Uttal ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 2013

ᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱭᱛᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱪᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱢᱮ। Scharfen ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 2018

ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱩᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟ?

ᱟᱠᱚᱨ, ᱚᱠᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱠ ᱫᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ। ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱴ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ। Hedge ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 2017

ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟ: ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ—ᱚᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ। ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱤᱥᱪᱤᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱᱟ। Uttal ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 2013 Hyde, 2005

286 ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱚᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱡᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ। Voyer ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ, 1995