ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ?

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ, ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ। ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹᱵᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱯᱟᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟᱭᱟᱹ। Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

8,000–9,000 ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ ᱚᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱱᱟ?

Nation ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱛᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱮᱰ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ 98% ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ। ᱱᱤᱡ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱞᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱫᱟᱹᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। Nation, 2006

ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱢᱢᱟ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ। 8,000 ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ 8,000 ᱞᱮᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984

98% ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱫᱩᱭᱤ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ?

Schmitt, Jiang ᱟᱨ Grabe ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ 8 ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 661 ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ। ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ 98% ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ-ᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। SCHMITT et al., 2011

ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹ

ᱟᱹᱞᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱭᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱼᱟ। ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱸᱴ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019

ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱚᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹ। ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ, ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱤᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱛᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008

ᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ?

ᱦᱚᱭ: ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱮᱰ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱩᱫᱽᱫᱮᱥᱭᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ। ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱮᱰ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱟ; ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱚᱠ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ। Nation, 2006

ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱢᱩᱠᱟᱹᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱠᱟᱹᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ। ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱹᱣᱜᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱧᱟᱹ। Webb, 2007

ᱩᱢᱮᱨ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ?

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱛᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ। ᱢᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱹ। Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱟ। ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ। SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004