How much slower person dey read for second language?

Dem report these findings for the part of the review about people wey no dey read with their first language. The review clearly talk say the novel study numbers no allow direct comparison with one exact WPM estimate. This matter: no use the 17% as correction factor for every person wey dey learn language. Brysbaert, 2019

Why how well you sabi the language matter pass the label L2

Experience with second language dey change how person process words, including how much dem notice words wey dey show often. The Whitford and Titone study look these effects through eye movement as people read paragraphs. So two people wey get the same first and second languages fit still face different processing work, because how much dem don use the language and how well dem sabi am no be the same. Whitford et al., 2012

Word knowledge na part of the matter. Research on word coverage dey ask how many words for one particular text the reader sabi, while estimates of vocabulary size depend on whether dem count word forms, lemmas or word families. Just counting words no fit by itself predict whether person go read every text smoothly. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

Why WPM no fit compare languages directly

Different languages dey use different number of written words to express similar information. Word length, how words change form and writing systems dey affect the unit wey dem dey count. So the reviews on reading speed and eye movement no support the idea say lower WPM for another language mean lower intelligence or slower thinking generally. Brysbaert, 2019 CLIFTON et al., 2015

Text difficulty and task instructions dey change the result

Reading for enjoyment, studying and finding one fact na different tasks. Eye movement research show how hard words and how much understanding the task need dey affect the way readers look through text. No treat story wey you sabi and technical article wey you never see as the same kind of test for one fixed reading speed. Rayner, 1998 CLIFTON et al., 2015

Going back to reread fit help reader clear confusion. Experiments show say stopping people from rereading fit make their understanding worse, so no assume every pause or going back during L2 reading na inefficiency wey person suppose stop. Some of the extra time fit help understanding. Schotter et al., 2014

Practice fit close the gap?

The reviews support how important language experience and quick word recognition be, but dem no set one number of hours wey everybody need before dem read as fast as for their first language. These examples from different studies no fit give correct training prediction by age and sex either. Measure improvement with tasks and language conditions wey you fit compare fairly. Rayner et al., 2016 Whitford et al., 2012

Use suitable material wey you never read before, check how well you understand am, and write down the language and reason for each timing. Reading easier text faster fit help, but by itself e no show say your reading ability increase by the same amount for harder material. Make the difficulty and purpose of the comparison fairly similar. Brysbaert, 2019 Nation, 2006

So the practical answer na different possible outcomes, no be one number wey multiply everything. The published results of 139, 61 and 17% show how much the people and task matter. Use dem to understand why results fit differ, no be to create one new rule for all learners. Brysbaert, 2019