ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯅꯣ?

Webb-ꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯜ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ, ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ. Webb, 2008

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯅꯣ

ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ. Laufer ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Goldstein-ꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ, ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯎꯅꯥ, ꯈꯟꯅꯈꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯂꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ. Laufer et al., 2004

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯦꯛꯄꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯅꯩ. English-ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯨꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯈꯤ. ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯨꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984

ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯔꯥ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯕꯁꯨ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. Nation-ꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯨꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯊꯤꯈꯤ; Schmitt ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ. ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. Nation, 2006 SCHMITT et al., 2011

ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯦ

Webb-ꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯕꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯔꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ, ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ. Webb, 2007

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ. ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. Brysbaert et al., 2016

ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ. ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ, ꯂꯣꯟ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ English-ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. Webb, 2008 Brysbaert et al., 2016

ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯩ. ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ. Brysbaert, 2019 SCHMITT et al., 2011

ꯀꯔꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯧ. ꯈꯪꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯂꯩ; ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯊꯤꯕꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤ. ꯑꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ. ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯪꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ, ꯈꯪꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. Webb, 2007 Brysbaert et al., 2016