ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯤ ꯍꯤꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯐꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯦꯁ꯭ꯀꯇꯣꯞ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯩꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯡ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯁꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ. ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯝꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ. ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯐꯋꯦꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020

ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ?

ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯦꯈꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯐꯋꯦꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯐꯋꯦꯌꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ. ꯂꯥꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ: Woods ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯂꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯡ 231 ms ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ 213 ms ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯈꯤ. ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ 18 ms ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ, ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯟꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. Woods et al., 2015

ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯟ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ, ꯃꯥꯎꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ. ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯣꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯦ. ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ-ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯕꯗ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. Woods et al., 2015

ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯦ

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯅꯤ; ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯕꯅꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯇꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯁꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯗꯦ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020

ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯏ?

ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ, ꯁꯥꯏꯖ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯪ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯗ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯀꯣꯔ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯔꯤꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯗ ꯅꯪꯅꯥ ꯅꯪꯕꯨ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015

ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ. ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯂꯩ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯅꯩ. Ratcliff, 1993

ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ

ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ. ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯃꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯣꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯁꯀꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯃꯛ ꯂꯧꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯅꯤ. Miller, 2023

ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ. ꯈꯪꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯨꯝ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯛꯇꯤꯁ ꯄꯨꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯖꯔꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ. Scharfen et al., 2018 Hedge et al., 2017

ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯐꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯃꯛ ꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ. ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ. ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯈꯥ ꯃꯇꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯗꯦ. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020