ꯃꯤꯃꯤꯟꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ 5ꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯨ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯂꯦꯡꯈꯠꯄ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯨ꯫ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯟꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯤ꯫ ꯗꯦꯁꯀꯇꯣꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯂꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫ Dhakal et al., 2018 Palin et al., 2019

ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯀꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯗꯨꯅꯁꯨ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯨꯠꯅꯥ ꯁꯨꯗꯔꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯗꯕꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯔꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯁꯦꯟꯇꯦꯖꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯍꯜꯂꯣꯏ꯫ Soukoreff et al., 2003 Soukoreff et al., 2001

ꯅꯦꯠ WPM ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯦꯈꯟ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯗꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ WPM ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯁꯦꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯒꯨꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ Soukoreff et al., 2003 MacKenzie and Soukoreff, 2002

ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯈꯠꯂꯤ?

ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯦꯡꯈꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯁꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯂꯦꯡꯈꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯃꯁꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯂꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤ, ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯥ꯫ Palin et al., 2019

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯏꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯔꯕꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯨꯠꯅꯥ ꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ, ꯂꯃꯆꯠꯂꯣꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ; ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕ WPM ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯂꯃꯆꯠꯂꯣꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯗꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ Salthouse, 1986

ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕ, ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯣꯟ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯂꯝꯕꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯄꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ; ꯗꯦꯁꯀꯇꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯆꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯁꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯥ WPM ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ Feit et al., 2016 Dhakal et al., 2018

ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯗꯦꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯊꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯀꯤꯕꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯤꯕꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯣꯡꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯄꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ Palin et al., 2019

ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ

ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ, ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯨꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯣ꯫ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯁꯨ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯅꯤꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯗꯅꯥ꯫ Soukoreff et al., 2003 MacKenzie and Soukoreff, 2002

ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯤ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯖꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯈ꯭ꯔꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ Keith et al., 2007 Salthouse, 1986

ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯔꯝꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯪꯗꯕꯗꯤ, WPM ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ Soukoreff et al., 2003 Palin et al., 2019