ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇ ꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯕꯗ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ-ꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ: ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯈꯪꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯂꯦꯈꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯈꯟꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯨꯝꯅꯕꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯒꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯤ꯫ Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

8,000–9,000 ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ?

Nation-ꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯤ: ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ 98% ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ Nation, 2006

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯂꯦꯈꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯕꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯅ ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯟ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ 8,000 ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 8,000 ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯦꯈꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984

98% ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧꯅꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ?

Schmitt, Jiang ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Grabe-ꯅ ꯂꯝ 8-ꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ 661 ꯗ ꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ 2 ꯄꯥꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯦꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯊꯣꯛꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯐꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ 98% ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯦꯗꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯗꯕ ꯂꯥꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ SCHMITT et al., 2011

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ

ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯄꯥꯊꯄꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯀꯄ, ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯐꯜꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019

ꯂꯤꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯈꯥ-ꯃꯈꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯈꯪꯕ, ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅ ꯄꯥꯔꯥꯗ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯔꯥꯡ ꯈꯪꯗꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯍꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯌꯥꯏ: ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯩ, ꯄꯥꯕꯗ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯊꯄꯨ, ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯛꯁ꯭ꯌꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯗꯤꯛꯁꯅꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯗ ꯃꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ Nation, 2006

ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯈꯤ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯣꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯅꯨ꯫ Webb, 2007

ꯆꯍꯤ, ꯅꯨꯄꯤ-ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ-ꯅꯨꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯃꯊꯧꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯂꯦꯞꯅ ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯟ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ, ꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯈꯪꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯟ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯄꯥꯔꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯁꯤꯝꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004