ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ 763 ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ 18–65 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ, ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤ. ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯃꯁꯛ 6.35 ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ 6.77 ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ. ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯄꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ. Woods et al., 2010

ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ

ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ-ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯩ. ꯃꯌꯦꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ. ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ. Baddeley, 2012

ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯊꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ. ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯊꯪ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯨꯞꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯠꯅꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ; ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯛꯄ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯌꯗꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ. ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯇꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯩ. Mathy et al., 2012 Miller, 1956

ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯐꯪꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ. ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯐꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯠ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯩ. ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ. ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯃꯐꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯐꯥꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ. Conway et al., 2005

ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯒꯥ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ

Cowan-ꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯞꯊꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ. ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯥꯌꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ. ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯁꯤꯟꯊꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯔꯠ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯩ. Cowan, 2001

ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯡꯖꯤꯟ ꯊꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤ. ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯅꯅꯥ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯊꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯥꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊꯅꯤ. Ericsson et al., 1980

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ-ꯅꯨꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯅꯣꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ, ꯃꯇꯝ, ꯂꯣꯟ, ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯀꯥꯏꯕꯒꯥ ꯆꯨꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯆꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯖꯔ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ-ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ. ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯅꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯥꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯗꯦ. Woods et al., 2010 Conway et al., 2005

ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ: ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ n-back ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯇꯥ-ꯑꯅꯦꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ. ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯐꯪꯕꯅꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯗꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ n-back ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ IQ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯦ. Redick et al., 2013

ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯎ, ꯊꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯎ, ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯨ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯅꯎ. ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯥꯌꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯊꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012