Nyagbe geɖe kae nànya be nàxle agbalẽ ɖe English me?

Tablea ɖe nɔmbaƒoƒo ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ tokens ŋu, menye nuŋɔŋlɔ gɔmeɖeɖe ƒe kpɔɖeŋu o. Token nye nyagbe si wòva ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔa me zi ɖeka: nyagbe yeye ɖeka ƒe vava geɖe la woabuae zi geɖe. Nyagbe ƒomeviwo nye nɔnɔme bubu si wozãna tsɔ ɖea nyagbe dzidzime ƒe susu ŋu. Nɔnɔme siawo ƒe amedzroɖeɖe na nɔnɔme si le abe tsitotsito me vevie ene, gake wòle be nàkpɔe be wòle susu o. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

Afikae nɔmba 8,000–9,000a tso?

Nation zã nɔmba siwo tso nyagbe ƒe zazã megbe la ƒe nyagbe ƒomeviwo ƒe listwo be wòakpɔ English si wozɔŋlɔna kple si wogblɔna ƒe nɔnɔme. Eƒe taɖodzinu le nɔnɔme aɖe dzi: ne 98% nɔnɔme hiã be woate ŋu ase nuŋɔŋlɔ la kple ŋusẽ si nɔ afima, nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wòkpɔ la hiã nyagbe ƒomevi siwo le nɔnɔme ma gbɔ. Ŋkɔ siwo míetua ameŋkɔe kple ale si wòwɔa ɖe nyagbe ƒomevi bubuwo ŋu la le nyadzɔdzɔ la me; menye nu si wòle be míaɖe asi le be míawɔ mɔfiafia si li ɖe amewo katã ŋu o. Nation, 2006

Nyagbe ƒe nɔmbaƒoƒo bubu ƒe nyadzɔdzɔ ɖe fia be lemma, nyagbe ƒomevi kple nyagbe ƒe ŋɔŋlɔnɔnɔwo ate ŋu ana nɔmba siwo to vovo ŋutɔ. Nyagbe ƒomevi 8,000 ƒe dzidzeme mele be woatsɔe sɔ kple kpɔɖeŋu si ɖea lemma 8,000 fia o, eye menye nyagbe siwo le English me katã ƒe nɔmba hã menye o. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984

98% nye ɖoɖo aɖe si ɖo nuŋɔŋlɔ gɔmeɖeɖe ƒe ta?

Schmitt, Jiang kple Grabe kpɔ nudzɔdzɔ le ame 661 siwo tso dukɔ 8 me ŋu ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ eve ŋu. Wokpɔe be nyagbe siwo wònya ƒe nɔnɔme kple nuŋɔŋlɔ gɔmeɖeɖe dome la le dzidzeme kadodo me kakaka, eye mɔ aɖe mesɔ gbɔ si wòle be nuŋɔŋlɔa gɔmeɖeɖe na eme enumake o. Eƒe nudzɔdzɔ ɖea 98% fia abe ta si nyo na nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ nɔnɔme ene, menye nu si wòle be nàte ŋu alo mate ŋu o ƒe mɔnu si ɖe asi ɖe eme o. SCHMITT et al., 2011

Nu ka ta agbalẽwo to vovo

Nyagbe siwo le nyakpɔɖeŋu si wònya, nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe agbalẽ aɖe kple ŋkeke tsãwo ƒe nyagbe la to vovo, eye wòbia ŋutinya si nànya xoxo hã to vovo. Nɔnɔme ƒe nɔmba la meɖea gɔmeɖeɖe ƒe grammar, susuɖeɖe alo nuƒoƒo la ƒe nunya ɖa o. Xlẽɖeɖe ƒe dzidzeme ŋu nyadzɔdzɔ hã ɖea fia nu si ta nyagbe zɔzɔ kple woase gɔme la nye nudzɔdzɔ eve siwo to vovo. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019

Nunya si nèkpɔa le nuŋɔŋlɔ me la nye gɔmedzedze nyui na nu si wòŋlɔ, gake nusɔla ate ŋu anya nyagbe la le ɖeɖe ko me. Nyadzɔdzɔ siwo to vovo ɖe nyagbe si wònya, nyagbe si nèɖo ŋku me, kple nyagbe si nàte ŋu azã le nuŋɔŋlɔ me ŋu la ɖea fia nu si ta nyagbe aɖe dzi zã ɖe eme be yewònya la meɖe fia be wònya eƒe gɔmeɖeɖe katã le nuŋɔŋlɔa me o. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008

Àte ŋu axle nu esi nènya nyagbe aɖewo ko?

Ee: nɔnɔme ƒe nɔmba la ku ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wòkpɔ la ƒe nɔnɔme ŋu esi womekpe ɖe ame ŋu o, menye mɔɖeɖe si wòde be nàxle nu o. Nu si bɔbɔ, kpekpeɖeŋu kple xlẽɖeɖe ƒe taɖodzinu bubuwo trɔa nɔnɔme la. Nusɔla si zãa nyagbeŋɔŋlɔ gɔmeɖeɖe ƒe agbalẽ la le dɔ bubu wɔm wu ame si mele kpekpeɖeŋu manɔ o. Nɔmba la nava kpe ɖe agbalẽ si nàxle la tiatia ŋu, menye be nàte ŋu axle hafi kpɔɖeŋu aɖe nɔmbaɖoƒe si wode be nàwɔ o. Nation, 2006

Nyagbe siwo wòkpena ŋu xɔna zi geɖe ate ŋu akpe ɖe nyagbe ƒe nunya ƒe akpa vovovo ŋu, gake zi geɖe xɔxɔ ƒe nyadzɔdzɔ meɖea fia zi geɖe ƒe nɔmba si wòwɔna be nyagbe ɖe sia ɖe nànya nyuie. Ŋlɔ nu si nèsea kple kpekpeɖeŋu si nèhiã la ɖe eme; megblɔ be nyagbe yeye siwo nènya ƒe nɔmba kpɔtɔ ɖeɖe la na xlẽɖeɖe sesẽ o. Webb, 2007

Nu ka tso ƒe, ŋutsu alo nyɔnu, kple gbe bubuwo ŋu?

Esia nye English nuŋɔŋlɔ nɔnɔme ƒe nyadzɔdzɔ, menye ƒe alo ŋutsu-nɔvi ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe nɔnɔme o. Gbe bubuwo bua nyagbe nɔnɔme kple nyagbe ƒomevi to vovo, eye nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒomeviwo hiã nyagbe vovovo. Nɔmba la zã ge ɖe gbe bubuwo me esi womekpɔ nɔnɔme siwo wozã la o la ate ŋu aɖe nyadzɔdzɔ la gɔme wu nu siwo wòɖe fia. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016

Biabia si kpena ŋu le dɔwɔwɔ me nye ale si wòse agbalẽa ƒe akpa geɖe le kpekpeɖeŋu si wòtiatia ƒe nɔnɔme me. Nyagbe dzesimemɔ ƒe nɔmba ate ŋu ana nɔnɔme, gake nu si wòwɔa ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ ŋutɔ ŋu be nàkpɔe ɖeɖe ko la kpena ŋu wu nyagbe ƒe nɔmbaɖoƒe si wozãna na amewo katã. SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004